Introducing the Much More Personal Computer

Mobile personal computers are becoming more and more opaque, vendor controlled, and hard to repair. Modern laptops have secret schematics, glued-in batteries, and components not under user control, like the Intel Management Engine or the Apple T2 security chip. Many people decide to tape over the built-in cameras of their laptops because they don’t know if they can trust the device or the software running on it.

Reform goes in the opposite direction. It is designed to be as open and transparent as possible, and to support a free and open source software stack from the ground up. It invites you to take a look under the hood, customize the documented electronics, and even repair it youself if you like. The Reform laptop has no built-in surveillance technologies, cameras, or microphones, so you can be confident that it will never spy on you. Built not around Intel technology, but NXP i.MX8M with 64-bit ARM Cortex-A53 cores, Reform has a much simpler architecture than conventional laptops. This simplicity also makes for a more pleasant developer experience.

Use Cases

A computer that is really yours

Reform is designed to stay with you for a long time. From open hardware input devices to user-swappable 18650 battery cells, we designed it to be the most repairable and best documented portable computer. We selected its components to strike a good balance between open source and usability. Reform is not bound to any cloud services, contracts, user agreements, or tracking. You can extend it and customize it as you like.

A more private computer

Reform doesn’t have any microphones or cameras built in, and Wi-Fi is provided by a removable PCIe card. You can even install your operating system or sensitive work data on an SD card that you can simply eject before travelling. Full-disk encryption is easy to set up with LUKS, and the system has no "management engine" or other remote control features that could be used to attack you.

A great writing machine

Instead of following the trend of making ever thinner and smaller devices and sacrificing the typing experience, we decided to put a mechanical keyboard into Reform. Our open-hardware keyboard uses Kailh Choc Brown switches with 3 mm travel and 50 g operating force with n-key rollover and fully customizable firmware.

A mobile office

Reform runs a wealth of free productivity software like LibreOffice and Firefox, Inkscape, Scribus, and GIMP that have matured to easily rival the feature sets of their commercial counterparts while requiring significantly less system resources.

An industrial computer

The main SoC family of Reform (i.MX) is well known as an industrial and automotive workhorse that doesn’t easily give up in a bit warmer or colder environments. The modular design of the notebook and a trackball that can be used with gloves makes Reform adaptable to workflows on field sites or in factories.

An ARM 64-bit development tool

Emulation and cross-compiling are nice, but Reform has enough performance to be used for editing and compiling software on the "real thing", and is a more convenient all-in-one package than a Single Board Computer with a bunch of dongles.

An open-source digital art and audio playground

The GPU in Reform supports OpenGL ES 2.0 through the open-source etnaviv driver that is part of the Linux kernel, and high fidelity audio is delivered by a Wolfson DAC on the motherboard. Reform’s rugged construction and repairability makes it a good fit for live environments.

A teaching tool

Because Reform is designed to be taken apart, studied, and reassembled, and our production process is unusually open, it can be a useful prop for teaching electronics engineering (with KiCAD), applied computer science, or lean manufacturing.

Features & Specifications

• CPU: NXP/Freescale i.MX8MQ with 4x ARM Cortex-A53 cores (1.5 GHz), 1x Cortex-M4F core. CPU and RAM are on exchangeable SO-DIMM sized module.
• RAM: 4 GB LPDDR4 memory
• GPU: Vivante GC7000Lite GPU with mainline Linux drivers and OpenGL 2.1, ES 2.0
• Display: Full HD (1920x1080 pixels) 12.5" IPS eDP display driven via MIPI-DSI. Optionally-enabled HDMI port. 128 x 32 pixel system control OLED
• USB: 3x USB 3.0 ports external (Type-A), 2x USB 2.0 internal (for input devices)
• Networking: Gigabit Ethernet port. miniPCIe Wi-Fi card included in Reform Max pledge level.
• Storage: Internal M.2 M-key socket for NVMe SSD. Full size SD card slot.
• PCIe: 1x miniPCIe socket (PCIe 2.0 1x), 1x M.2/NGFF socket M-key (PCIe 2.0 1x)
• Keyboard: Reform mechanical USB keyboard with Kailh Choc Brown Switches, dimmable backlight, open firmware
• Trackball (Option): Reform optical USB trackball with 5 mechanical switches (Kailh Choc Brown), open firmware
• Trackpad (Option): Reform capacitive USB trackpad, open firmware
• Enclosure: Modular case from CNC-milled, bead-blasted, black-anodized 6061 aluminum. Bottom cover milled from semi-transparent acrylic.
• Sound: Wolfson WM8960 ADC/DAC, stereo speakers, 3.5" headset/microphone jack (no internal microphone)
• Camera: No camera. Internal MIPI-CSI connector
• Battery: LiFePO4 battery technology - which is more fire-safe and has more charge-cycles than LiPo battieries. 8x owner-serviceable 18650 cells totalling 12 Ah/3.2 V. 5 h approximate battery life
• System Controller: NXP LPC11U24 ARM Cortex-M0 chip with open firmware and hackable expansion port
• Manual: Operator Manual incl. system schematics and full parts list
• Sources: KiCAD sources for motherboard, keyboard, trackball, trackpad, STEP/STL/FreeCAD files for case parts, C sources for all firmware (input devices and system controller), build scripts for boot & system image
• OS: Preloaded with Debian GNU/Linux 11, Linux 5.x mainline kernel
• Dimensions: 29 x 20.5 x 4 cm
• Weight: ~1.9 kg

Motherboard

The motherboard spans the complete inner width of the device (around 27 cm) and ends with external ports on both sides. It has the following features:

• Power system: includes a charger for LiFePO4 cells and seamlessly switches between wall and battery power.
• System controller: coupled to the power system, an NXP LPC11U24 Cortex-M0 MCU controls an analog monitor chip for the eight battery cells as well as the charger. It is connected to the SoM via SPI, and has GPIO lines to the main power rail switchers in the system. It has a UART (serial port) that the keyboard can talk to directly for issuing power on/off commands and battery status queries.
• DSI to eDP converter: it was an important goal for us to make the main display path for Reform blob-free, so we couldn't use the existing HDMI/DisplayPort block in i.MX8M to drive the internal display, because this needs a chunk of firmware related to content protection. Instead, we're using the MIPI DSI output and convert its signal to eDP using a Texas Instruments SN65DSI86 chip. All involved drivers are open and in mainline Linux.
• USB 3.0 hub: i.MX8M has 2x USB 3.0 controllers. As we need two internal USB ports for the keyboard and trackball (or trackpad) and wanted to provide three external USB ports, we put a Texas Instruments TUSB8041 USB hub chip on the board that provides the extra ports. We have USB load switches on each external port to protect from too much current draw.
• Sound system: the Reform motherboard features a Wolfson/Cirrus WM8960 audio DAC (digital-to-analog converter)/amplifier interfacing to the headphone/microphone jack and powering two speakers housed below the main display.
• M.2 slot: a PCIe clock synthesizer on the board provides a reference clock for one or both PCIe 2.0 controllers in i.MX8M. We put one M.2 M-key slot on the board that can house a high-speed NVMe SSD.
• mPCIe slot: the other PCIe controller drives an mPCIe connector that you can use for expansions like a Wi-Fi card (included in the Reform Max pledge level), an embedded graphics card or an FPGA board, for example.

The Reform motherboard is open source hardware designed with the free KiCAD EDA. You can find the sources here:

• Reform Motherboard KiCAD Sources
• Reform System Controller Firmware Sources

System on Module (SoM) and Heatsink

The CPU, GPU, and hardware implementations of standard interfaces like USB 3.0, PCIe, and MIPI DSI are all located in the NXP i.MX8M, which is called a System-on-Chip (SoC). This SoC supports LPDDR4 memory, which in our case has 4 GB capacity. The SoM features an Atheros Ethernet PHY chip (AR8035). Both SoC and memory chips sit on a System-on-Module (SoM) that we source from Boundary Devices, a US company that specializes in i.MX reference designs. We selected their "Nitrogen8M SOM" module for Reform because it is the only available module for which you can download the complete schematics and understand what every component does. The SoM plugs into the Reform motherboard’s central 200-pin SO-DIMM connector. This means that anyone will be able to design a replacement SoM to power Reform with a completely different CPU or an FPGA, for example.

We developed a custom aluminum heatsink for the i.MX8M that allows Reform to run fully passive-cooled, eliminating the need for a fan.

Case

The black-anodized and sand-blasted aluminum case, designed by industrial designer Ana Dantas, is one of the aspects of Reform we’re the most proud of. We made one more iteration to improve haptics and assembly ergonomics/speed and ended up with 5 CNC milled parts:

• Screen back: housing the display and upper half of hinges
• Screen front: housing speakers and providing display bezel
• Main box: to which all PCBs (printed circuit boards) are attached via M2 screws: The keyboard from the top and motherboard, trackball/trackpad, and battery boards from the bottom. The lower half of the hinges and the system controller OLED PCB are mounted from the top as well.
• Main box top: a thin part that provides a bezel for the keyboard and the system controller OLED
• Main box bottom: the bottom lid that is either milled from clear acrylic or aluminum

For easy (dis)assembly, Reform uses only M2 screws with Phillips-head everywhere (with one exception: M4 on the hinges).

When closed, the case is held shut by 8 little neodymium bar magnets which are located in the front edge of the screen enclosure and in the front of the main box.

Ports

The port arrangement features on the left side:

• Barrel jack (power input)
• Gigabit Ethernet
• 3.5 mm TRRS headphone/microphone jack
• Full-size SD card port (bootable)

On the right side:

• HDMI port (on i.MX8M, requires an optional HDMI TX firmware blob to work)
• 3x USB 3.0 Type-A SuperSpeed ports

Power System

When not connected to a wall adapter, Reform is powered by 8x 18650 LiFePO4 battery cells. Each has a nominal voltage of 3.2 V, and all cells are linked in series, which means an operating voltage of 28.8 V. This arrangement has the upside that we can monitor and balance each cell individually. You don’t have to factory-match cells like you would have to in a parallel arrangement. You can buy replacement cells for Reform for around 2.50 EUR each. The LiFePO4 chemistry trades some energy density for many advantages:

• High-current source capability with no thermal runaway (the cells don't get hot)
• Relatively high number of charge cycles without degradation (around 2000)
• Smaller environmental impact

We have teamed up with Fully Automated Technologies to help us optimize Reform’s power system for the final motherboard revision. Our goals were to be able to charge from a wide range of voltage inputs and to squeeze out more efficiency from buck voltage conversion.

Hinges

The hinges for Reform are made by Smooth Group, model number SMS-ZZ-219. These are the same that we used in Reform version 1. They are very robust and allow the Reform screen to be opened to an angle of over 180 degrees.

Keyboard

We iterated on the keyboard several times to arrive at a layout that is a successful tradeoff between ergonomics and cost:

• 82 mechanical, low-profile Kailh Choc switches
• A new layout based on ANSI that uses a split spacebar and only two different keycap sizes, 1U and 1.5U. This allows us to get rid of stabilizer wires and create custom molded or 3D-printed keycaps in the future requiring only two shapes.
• Each keyswitch has a diode to prevent ghosting and allow for n-key rollover.
• 80 dimmable LEDs illuminate all keycap symbols.
• Blank keycaps are sourced from Kailh and then carefully laser engraved to allow the keyboard backlight to illuminate the letters.

System Control OLED

The keyboard not only works as a USB HID device, but it also has a direct UART cable connection to the system controller on the motherboard. By pressing the circle key, you can interact directly with the system controller, bypassing the main SoC. To give you visual feedback for this interaction, we added a tiny 128 x 32 pixel OLED on top of the keyboard. From here, you can check charger and battery cell status/health without any operating system support on the main SoC (even while you’re still installing an OS). The keyboard OLED and direct interaction mechanism has more potential future uses, like a password manager/wallet or notification display.

Keyboard Sources:

• Reform Keyboard KiCAD Sources
• Reform Keyboard Firmware Sources

Display

The display used in Reform is a 12.5" IPS eDP (embedded DisplayPort) panel from Innolux, model number N125HCE-GN1, with 24-bit color and 1920 x 1080 pixels. It is sharp, bright, and a pleasure to do text work on. It has a great color gamut for watching movies, as well. We ordered custom 30 pin I-PEX cables to connect it to the motherboard’s eDP 2 mm DuPont header. Brightness is controlled directly by a PWM output pin of i.MX8M and works with standard Linux backlight drivers/tools.

Speakers

We employ two 1 W mobile speakers by PUI Audio (AS01808AO-3-R). These are mounted directly below the display.

Trackball

The new Reform trackball has five buttons, so you don’t have to worry anymore about how to do a middle click or use the trackball as a scroll wheel (hold bottom left or right button and roll the ball up and down). Of course, because our trackball firmware is open source, you can adjust the button functions to behave exactly as you like. We developed a custom SLA-printed mechanical housing for the trackball. For the ball’s optical motion tracking, we are using a Pixart PAT9125EL laser sensor interfacing with a ATmega32U2 MCU with open source firmware.

Trackpad

If you prefer a trackpad over the trackball, you can choose it as an option. The trackball and trackpad are interchangeable modules. The trackpad is based on the capacitive multi-touch sensor module TPS65-201A-S by Azoteq. Like the trackball, we drive it with a custom ATmega32U2 PCB and our own open source firmware.

Certifications

Reform is open source hardware certified by OSHWA (Open Source Hardware Association): DE000017.

Licenses are:

• CERN OHL-2.0-S (hardware)
• GPL 3.0 (software, firmware)
• CC-BY-SA 4.0 (documentation, artwork)

Comparisons

Pledge Levels

MNT Reform

A ready to go, open hardware MNT Reform laptop.

Contains:

• MNT Reform Laptop, i.MX8M with 4x 1.5 GHz, 4 GB LPDDR RAM
• Storage: 256 GB NVMe SSD (Samsung EVO)
• Bootable SD card with Debian GNU/Linux 11 installer and all sources and schematics
• Printed and signed MNT Reform operator handbook
• 24 V 2 A international power supply (110/230 V)
• Your choice of keyboard configuration
• Your choice of trackpad or trackball
• An optional ath9k Wi-Fi card

MNT Reform Max

A fully assembled MNT Reform with 1 TB NVMe SSD, an mPCIe Wi-Fi card, and our custom Black Piñatex Leather Sleeve (vegan) made in Berlin by fashion designer Greta Melnik.

Contains:

• MNT Reform Laptop, i.MX8M with 4x 1.5 GHz, 4 GB LPDDR RAM
• Storage: 1 TB NVMe SSD (Samsung EVO)
• Atheros ath9k compatible mPCIe Wi-Fi card (802.11a/b/g/n)
• Bootable SD card with Debian GNU/Linux 11 installer and all sources and schematics
• Printed and signed MNT Reform operator handbook
• MNT Reform Sleve handmade in Berlin from Piñatex Performance Jet Black pineapple leather (vegan)
• 24 V 2 A international power supply (110/230 V)
• Priority email and chat support
• Your choice of keyboard configuration
• Your choice of trackpad or trackball

MNT Reform DIY Kit

You assemble MNT Reform yourself from the individual boards, display and case parts, and print the manual on your own (if you want). All circuit boards are populated; no soldering required. Save some money and have a great learning experience building your own laptop.

Contains:

• Motherboard with i.MX8M with 4x 1.5 GHz, 4 GB LPDDR RAM
• Keyboard with engraved keycaps preinstalled
• OLED module
• 2x battery module
• 8x 18650 LiFePO4 1800 mAh cells
• Display panel (1920x1080 pixels, 24 bit color, eDP, IPS)
• 2x speaker soldered to cable
• Left and right hinge
• Cables (2x internal USB cable, 1x internal UART cable, 2x battery cable, 1x display cable, 1x OLED FPC cable)
• Milled aluminum case parts and heatsink
• Milled acrylic bottom plate
• All required screws (Phillips M2 and M4)
• Bootable SD card with Debian GNU/Linux 11 installer and all sources and schematics
• 24 V 2 A international power supply (110/230 V)

For trackball option:

• Trackball controller module
• Trackball sensor module with FPC cable
• Trackball keycaps, cup, and lid (SLA printed)
• Trackball POM ball (25 mm diameter)

For trackpad option:

• Trackpad controller module
• Trackpad sensor module with FPC cable

MNT Reform Motherboard

If you want to develop software for the Reform platform or want to build your own device based on it, this is the pledge level for you.

Contains:

• Motherboard with i.MX8M with 4x 1.5G Hz, 4 GB LPDDR RAM
• Bootable SD card with Debian GNU/Linux 11 installer and all sources and schematics
• 24 V 2 A international power supply (110/230 V)

MNT Reform T-Shirt

Just want to support the development of an open hardware laptop and get a nice shirt, too? Then this Fair Wear certified MNT Reform T-Shirt made from 100% cotton is for you. Color: Black. Screen printed in Berlin by blackink.

Manufacturing Plan

• Keyswitches and keycaps are sourced directly from the manufacturer, Kailh.
• PCBs for motherboard, keyboard, and trackpad/trackball are made and assembled by PCBWay. We'll source most components and ship them to them. We've successfully tested this process with a previous product, ZZ9000.
• While keyboard switches are soldered by PCBWay, keycaps are installed by us in Berlin. The keycaps are labelled by laser engraving locally in Berlin. This process is validated as well.
• In parallel, CNC body parts (aluminum and acrylic) are made by a contractor of our partner Neuform in Shenzhen. We did this already for multiple Reform beta versions.
• i.MX8M modules are sourced from Boundary Devices (California).
• Hinges are supplied by Smooth Technology (Shenzhen). Innolux displays are supplied by one of several suppliers. Internal display cables are sourced from Sino-Media in Hong Kong.
• LiFePO4 battery cells are sourced from Heter/Enerpower via NKON (Netherlands).
• Screws, packing material, printed manuals, etc. are sourced locally by us.
• The final assembly and packaging of the devices will be done by our team in Berlin.

Shipping & Fulfillment

• Orders to EU countries will be fulfilled directly by MNT Research and shipped from our Berlin, Germany headquarters. We have experience with the process and a contract in place with DHL.
• Global non-EU orders will be fulfilled by Crowd Supply in Portland, Oregon.

Make sure to check out Crowd Supply’s page page about ordering, paying, and shipping if you want to know more.

Risks & Challenges

• We have done all that we can to mitigate the affects of the COVID-19 pandemic, but it's impossible the extent of issues that may arise in the future. To compensate for unknown variables, the estimated ship dates have been padded. If all goes according to plan, units may well begin shipping ahead of schedule.
• Reform has over 400 electronic components. We tried to pick them so that there will be enough stock when we get around to manufacturing the boards, but it's always possible that there could be a sudden component shortage or increase in price. If that should happen, we would have to reengineer the affected PCB and exchange the part, causing approximately 4-6 weeks of delay.
• Reform doesn't yet have EMI compliance testing, which is a costly process that we will tackle immediately after a successful campaign. In the unlikely case that there are major EMI problems requiring a major redesign of PCB(s), this could cause approximately 6-8 weeks of delay for the reengineering and testing.
• Should any situation arise that would delay the estimated shipping timeline, backers will be informed promptly via project updates.

Credits & Attributions

• Video Concept: MNT Research and Philipp Dikmann
• Renders and 3D CGI Sequence: Paul Klingberg
• Costume Design and Model: Greta Melnik
• Voiceover: Leah Arscott
• Video Previz: Froyo Tam, Felix Bayer
• Music: The Alphabet Zero: Teenage Feeling (Arcade High Remix) (Instrumental), licensed through Marmoset
• MNT Reform Industrial Design: Ana Dantas
• MNT Reform Wallpaper Visual: Michael Christophersson
• MNT Reform Font: Inter by rsms